Comparing Nonlinear and Threshold Effects of Bus Stop Proximity on Transit Use and Carbon Emissions in Developing Cities

Transit proximity is impactful in providing congestion relief and carbon emissions reduction only within a certain range, while the effective ranges to achieve different policy goals might be distinct. Comparing impact boundaries of transit on use offers insights for planners coordinate multidimensional more efficiently, but few studies have conducted this comparative analysis. Using 2019 travel data Zhongshan, study employed gradient-boosting decision tree quantify nonlinear threshold effects bus stop commuting-related emissions. Results indicate that relative developing cities significantly lower than developed cities. We found weaker association between The thresholds probability commuting via are distinct, both China’s current national standards. findings suggest some stops across city can help reduce cannot relieve congestion. Most importantly, we that, due disparities boundary variables corresponding analysis criteria, calculated coverage rate varies dramatically. This finding challenges validity using criteria guide transportation planning assess land performance.